Ghost Dog

''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' is a 1999 internationally co-produced martial arts crime thriller drama film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. Forest Whitaker stars as the title character, the mysterious "Ghost Dog", a hitman in the employ of the Mafia, who follows the ancient code of the samurai as outlined in the book of Yamamoto Tsunetomo's recorded sayings, ''Hagakure''. Critics have noted similarities between the movie and Jean-Pierre Melville's 1967 film ''Le Samouraï''.

The film opened to largely positive critical reception, and was nominated for both an Independent Spirit Award for Best Feature and a César Award for Best Foreign Film.

Plot

Ghost Dog sees himself as a retainer of Louie, a local mobster, who saved Ghost Dog's life years earlier. While living as a hitman for the American Mafia, he adheres to the code of the samurai, and interprets and applies the wisdom of the ''Hagakure''.

Louie tells Ghost Dog to kill a gangster, Handsome Frank, who is sleeping with the daughter of local mafia boss Vargo. Ghost Dog arrives and kills the gangster, before seeing that the girl is also in the room; he leaves her alive. To avoid being implicated in the murder of a made man, Vargo and his associate Sonny Valerio decide to get rid of Ghost Dog. Louie knows practically nothing about Ghost Dog, as the hitman communicates only by homing pigeon. The mobsters start by tracing all the pigeon coops in town. They find Ghost Dog's cabin atop a building and kill his pigeons. Ghost Dog realizes he must kill Vargo and his men or they will kill him and his master.

During the day, Ghost Dog frequently visits the park to see his best friend, a French-speaking ice cream man named Raymond. Ghost Dog does not understand French and Raymond does not understand English but the two nonetheless seem to connect with each other. Ghost Dog also befriends a little girl named Pearline, to whom he lends the book ''Rashōmon''.

Eventually, Ghost Dog invades Vargo's mansion and kills almost everyone single-handedly, sparing only Louie and Vargo's daughter. That night, Ghost Dog kills Sonny Valerio at his home by shooting him through a pipe. Ghost Dog expects that Louie will attack him (as he feels that Louie is obliged to avenge the murder of his boss, Vargo). He goes to the park and gives Raymond all his money, helping him to stay in the country. Pearline appears and gives back ''Rashōmon'' to Ghost Dog, saying that she liked it. Ghost Dog gives Pearline his copy of ''Hagakure'' and encourages her to read it.

Though Louie feels some loyalty to Ghost Dog, he finally confronts him at Raymond's ice cream stand with Raymond and Pearline watching. Ghost Dog is unwilling to attack his master and allows Louie to kill him. His last act is to give Louie the copy of ''Rashōmon'' and encourage him to read it. Pearline takes Ghost Dog's empty gun and aims at Louie as he flees. Ghost Dog dies peacefully with Raymond and Pearline at his side; Louie gets into a car with Vargo's daughter (who now has replaced her father as his boss). Later, Pearline reads the ''Hagakure''.

Cast

* Forest Whitaker as "Ghost Dog"
* John Tormey as Louie
* Henry Silva as Ray Vargo
* Cliff Gorman as Sonny Valerio
* Isaach de Bankolé as Raymond
* Camille Winbush as Pearline
* Tricia Vessey as Louise Vargo
* Richard Portnow as Frank "Handsome Frank"
* Frank Adonis as Valerio's Bodyguard
* Victor Argo as Vinny
* RZA as Samurai In Camouflage
* Gary Farmer as "Nobody"
* Shi Yan Ming as Kung-Fu Master

Themes

Violence and cross-culturalism

In a 2000 interview with Peter Bowen of ''Filmmaker'', Jarmusch referred to the violence in ''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' as "simply a reflection of the history of human beings." Regarding the multiple instances in which the gangster characters or their associates watch cartoons, Jarmusch added: "As for the cartoons, it is another layer, resonance, or nuance of things. They are echoes of things happening in the story. What I don't like is that some people have said that the cartoons are there because the gangsters are very cartoon-like. I just like cartoons, and I like the idea of adults watching cartoons." Bowen noted that the film features clips from ''The Itchy & Scratchy Show'', a fictional television series in ''The Simpsons'' known for its gratuitous violence.

Speaking on Ghost Dog as a character, Jarmusch said that, "Violence is just who Ghost Dog is. He is a warrior, and he follows a warrior code. He acts in violent situations, as a warrior must." Whitaker, in the same interview, added, "To be whole, to have duality and knowing both sides of everything—I think Ghost Dog is aware of that, at least as a character. He is not content, but strong in what he knows to be the order of his life. I don't think he even views what he does as a violent act; it is just an extension of something he must do to maintain the order by which he lives." Jarmusch goes on to say that violence is one of several elements in the film representative of an amalgam of cultures, stating, "America is about the synthesis of a lot of different cultures, and beauty arises out of that synthesis. I don't see this as violence of about cultures clashing but rather as being all part of one thing. The Italian guys don't even work out of an Italian restaurant anymore; it's a Chinese restaurant. Ghost Dog himself is an urban black character, but he follows a code from another culture and another century, the Japanese samurai culture."

Production

''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' was shot mostly in Jersey City, New Jersey, but the movie never mentions where the story is set. License plates reveal it is in "The Industrial State" and a vehicle from another state has on its license plate "The Highway State", both of which are fictional state nicknames.

Soundtrack

The film's score and soundtrack is the first produced by the Wu-Tang Clan's RZA.

US and Japanese versions of the soundtrack album have been released, each with a different set of tracks. The Japanese release also has some songs not in the film. Songs in the film that don't appear on either soundtrack album include ''From Then Till Now'' performed by Killah Priest, ''Armagideon Time'' performed by Willi Williams, ''Nuba One'' performed by Andrew Cyrille and Jimmy Lyons and ''Cold Lampin With Flavor'' performed by Public Enemy.

Track listing

Cinematic allusions

''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' has been interpreted by critics as an homage to ''Le Samouraï'', a 1967 crime-drama by Jean-Pierre Melville starring Alain Delon. That movie opens with a quote from an invented ''Book of Bushido'' and features a meditative, loner hero, Jef Costello. In the same manner that Ghost Dog has an electronic "key" to break into luxury cars, Costello has a huge ring of keys that enable him to steal any Citroën DS. The endings share a key similarity. The peculiar relationship between the protagonists of both movies and birds, as companions and danger advisers, is another common theme. The film contains a number of references to Seijun Suzuki's ''Branded to Kill'', such as when a bird lands in front of Ghost Dog's rifle scope, referencing the incident with a butterfly in Suzuki's film. Ghost Dog shooting Sonny Valerio up the drain pipe is taken from ''Branded to Kill''.

Reception

Box office

''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' grossed a worldwide total of $9,380,473, of which $3,308,029 was in the United States.

Critical response

Critical response to the film was largely positive. On the Rotten Tomatoes review site, the film has an 82% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on reviews from 95 critics. The website's critical consensus was that the movie is "An innovative blend of samurai and gangster lifestyles." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 based on 31 critics' reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, describing it as "truly, profoundly weird." Ebert's review proposed ''Ghost Dog'' made the most sense if Whitaker's character were insane: "In a quiet, sweet way, he is totally unhinged and has lost all touch with reality. His profound sadness, which permeates the touching Whitaker performance, comes from his alienation from human society, his loneliness, his attempt to justify inhuman behavior (murder) with a belief system (the samurai code) that has no connection with his life or his world." J. Hoberman of ''The Village Voice'' described it as "an impeccably shot and sensationally scored deadpan parody of two current popular modes" (hitman films and mafia films).

Accolades

The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics, the César Award for Best Foreign Film of 2000 and the Palme d'Or award at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. It was also nominated for Best Feature at the 16th Independent Spirit Awards.

References

External links

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Interview with Ian Johnston
at louderthanwar.com

''Ghost Dog: By the Book''
an essay by Greg Tate at the Criterion Collection

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghost Dog: The Way Of The Samurai
1999 films
1999 independent films
1990s crime drama films
American crime drama films
Films about contract killing
Films directed by Jim Jarmusch
Films scored by RZA
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Films about the American Mafia
American gangster films
American martial arts films
Samurai films
StudioCanal films
Hood films
Films shot in New Jersey
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Japanese films
1999 martial arts films
1999 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
French gangster films
German gangster films